Barotseland has been a member of the UNPO since 2013. 

The people of Barotseland have a distinct identity and a rich history, deeply connected to their land and cultural heritage. Despite the challenges they face, including repression and a denial of their right to self-determination, the Barotse remain committed to advocating for their rights and autonomy. Allowing the people of Barotseland to exercise their right to self-determination, including addressing historical injustices, is crucial for resolving conflicts, preserving their culture, and ensuring their contributions are recognized and valued. The UNPO continues to highlight the importance of peaceful dialogue and respect for the rights of the Barotse people.

The UNPO secretariat works for the rights of the people of Barotseland as a whole and might work with different civil society organizations, groups and representatives from Barotseland. However, the main organization representing the rights of the people of Barotseland within the UNPO membership and with voting rights at the General Assembly is the Barotse National Freedom Alliance (BNFA). You can read more about the Barotse National Freedom Alliance here.

Barotseland, located in the upper Zambezi Valley of Southern Central Africa, is historically significant as the traditional homeland of the Barotse people. Today, it primarily lies within the borders of Zambia, corresponding to the Western Province. Mongu, Lealui, and Limulunga serve as key cultural and administrative centers, with Lealui and Limulunga being the traditional capitals under the authority of His Majesty the Litunga.

The Barotse nation is a rich cultural tapestry, formed through the amalgamation of diverse ethnic groups over centuries. Originating from Ayuli migrants from the Congo in the 15th century, the Barotse were later joined by migrants from South Africa, Angola, Zimbabwe, and Namibia. This resulted in a harmonious coexistence of 38 ethnic groups. Silozi, a hybrid language influenced by various ethnic languages, serves as the lingua franca, enabling communication among the diverse population.

Barotseland’s history is deeply intertwined with the peoples who have inhabited the region for centuries, particularly the Barotse, who trace their origins to the Luba Kingdom in present-day Democratic Republic of Congo. In the 18th century, the Barotse established a powerful kingdom under King Lewanika, known for his diplomatic acumen and efforts to modernize the region. The Barotse Kingdom, with its capital at Lealui, became a vibrant political and economic center, attracting traders and travelers from across the region. The kingdom’s influence extended along the Zambezi River, encompassing diverse ethnic groups such as the Lozi, Tonga, and Luyana.

Barotseland’s administration was characterized by decentralized governance, where local chiefs enjoyed considerable autonomy under the Litunga, or king. This decentralized structure fostered unity and cooperation among the diverse ethnic groups within the kingdom. However, the arrival of European colonial powers in the 19th century, particularly the British, significantly altered Barotseland’s political landscape. The unilateral incorporation of Barotseland into Zambia during the decolonization process in 1964 is viewed by many Barotse as a historical injustice, setting the stage for ongoing struggles for autonomy and self-determination.

The main issue for Barotseland revolves around land ownership, self-governance, and addressing historical injustices from the decolonization process. The unilateral incorporation in 1964 of Barotseland into Zambia has led to opposition among Barotse nationals, who want to reclaim their autonomy and defend their distinct identity. 

The Zambian government’s response to Barotse demands has been marked by repression and violence, exemplified by the 2011 shootings in Mongu and the subsequent arrests of activists. The crackdown on dissent and the imprisonment of Barotse activists on charges of treason highlight the government’s disregard for human rights and freedom of expression. The BNFA continues to lobby for international support and recognition of Barotseland’s quest for self-determination, emphasizing the need for peaceful dialogue and respect for the rights of Barotse people.

Respecting the right to self-determination for the people of Barotseland is crucial for allowing them to choose their own political, cultural, and economic future. This right would allow the Barotse people not only to address their current needs and aspirations but also to review and rectify historical injustices, particularly those arising from the decolonization process. By ensuring that the Barotse have a voice in decisions that impact their lives while addressing past injustices could create a more inclusive and peaceful environment. The exercise of self-determination by the Barotse people would allow them to shape their own destiny, address their unique historical context, and contribute to a more just and stable society.